Microstructure–Property Relationships in MXene Membranes: From Dynamic Structural Evolution to Ionic Liquid Functionalization

Abstract

MXenes, a rapidly growing family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional properties, including high electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and tunable surface chemistry. These unique characteristics make MXenes highly promising for a wide range of applications, particularly in energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. In this realm, MXenes have demonstrated excellent performance due to their high surface area, fast ion transport, and superior charge storage capabilities, positioning them as a key material for next-generation batteries. Beyond electrochemical applications, Ti3C2Tx, as the most studied MXene so far, has demonstrated significant potential in other areas, particularly in membrane technology for water purification and organic solvent nanofiltration. The ability of MXene to form layered structures with adjustable interlayer spacing makes it an excellent candidate for the selective separation of ions and molecules. Despite the growing focus on enhancing the performance of MXene membranes, especially in terms of water flux, ion selectivity, and pollutant rejection, a significant research gap remains concerning the impact of the microstructural properties of MXenes on their membrane performance. This study aims to address this gap by investigating how the microstructural characteristics of Ti3C2Tx influence its performance as a membrane. By exploring this, the study seeks to provide deeper insights into how MXene microstructure can be optimized to enhance membrane functionality, ultimately broadening the scope of MXene applications in filtration technologies.